(February, 2006)

The area that concerns itself with the study, appreciation, and collection of coins, currency, medals, and similar property, is called numismatics. Collecting coins is one of our country's oldest hobbies and it is still quite popular. Coin collecting is particularly interesting in that, depending upon the scope of the activity, it can teach a hobbyist about:

• geography
• culture
• history
• precious metals
• economics
• monetary laws
• politics, and
• customs

on either a national or international basis. It also touches upon the arts and sciences as it involves engraving, designing, chemistry, and even metallurgy.

Insurance policies that protect private residences and/or personal possessions provide extremely limited coverage for property that can be used as a medium or exchange. This is especially true of collectible coins and currency which have values that, typically, far exceed their face value. Please refer to PF&M Section 430.6, Coin and Stamp Collection Insurance, for more information on protecting this special class of property.

Agents and underwriters of personal lines insurance are often asked to evaluate applications that may include a coin collection exposure. Unfortunately, most insurance professionals are unfamiliar with terms that are common to this recreational activity. Recognizing how such gaps in knowledge can create obstacles to successfully meeting the needs of insurance consumers, we offer the following brief glossary of numismatic terms.

Note: This list was compiled by our editorial staff after independently researching a variety of sources on the topic of coin collecting and coin history.

AD - Abbreviation of acid date

Accumulation - A miscellaneous coin grouping that typically represents hoarding rather than serious collecting.

Adjustment Marks - Marks caused by filing a planchet before striking to reduce its weight to the standard. This was an occasional practice in minting early U.S. coinage.

AG - ANA grading standard meaning Almost Good

AG3 - AG – ANA grading standard meaning Almost Good level 3 to Almost Good

Album - A book-like holder with slots for storing coins.

Album friction – See "Slider."

Album slide marks – See "Slider."

Altered - Deliberately changing a coin or note, usually with the intent of increasing its face value or numismatic value.

ANA - An acronym for the "American Numismatic Association."

ANACS - (American Numismatic Association Certification Service) Originally, only authentication was offered; grading was added later. The grading service and acronym were sold by the ANA and now operate under this name as a third party grading service.

ANACS certificate - A uniquely numbered opinion of authenticity and/or grade from the ANA Certification Service.

Ancients - General term for coins of the world struck circa 600 B.C. to circa 450 A.D.

Annealing - The heating of a die or planchet to soften the metal before preparation of the die or striking of the coin.

Anvil Die - The lower die, usually the reverse – although on some issues with striking problems, the obverse was employed as the lower die. Because of the physics of minting, the fixed lower-die impression is slightly better struck than the upper-die impression.

Arrows - Design element usually found in the left (viewer's right) claw of the eagle seen on many United States coins.

Arrows and Rays - Term referring to the quarters and half dollars of 1853. The rays were later removed because the complicated design made striking the coins difficult.

Arrows at Date - Term referring to the arrows to the left and right of the date, added to the dies to indicate a weight increase or decrease.

Artificial Toning - Coloration added to a coin by treatment with chemicals or other "doctoring."

Ask - The selling quotation of a coin either on a trading network, pricing newsletter, or other medium.

Attributes - The elements that make up a coin's grade. The main ones are marks (hairlines for proofs), luster, strike, and eye appeal.

AU - Shorthand for almost uncirculated.

Auction - An offering of coins for sale where the buyer must bid against other potential buyers, as opposed to ordering from a catalog, price list, or advertisement at a set price.

Authentic (coin) - An original, non-counterfeit coin.

Authentication - The process of determining the genuineness of a coin or other numismatic item.

Bag Mark - A surface mark, usually in the form of a nick, acquired by a coin when it came into contact with others in a mint bag. Bag marks are most common on large and heavy silver and gold coins (also known as contact marks or keg marks).

Bag Toning - Coloring a coin acquires from the chemicals of the bag in which it has been stored. Depending upon the chemical exposure and proximity to the material, coloring may be blue, red, yellow or other colors.

Bank Note - Paper money issued by a bank .

Bar - A non-numismatic form of precious metal bullion.

Bas Relief - Design elements are raised within depressions in the field.

Billon - An alloy of silver and another metal, usually copper, which is less than 50% silver.

Bit - Pieces of eight were physically cut into eighths; each piece is one bit.

Blank - A piece of metal being prepared for coinage before the ??(?) thus have been raised by passing through the upsetting mill.

Blemishes - Minor nicks, marks, flaws, or spots of discoloration that mar the surface of a coin.

Blue Book - refers to a collector’s annual price guide called the Handbook of United States Coins (which has a blue cover).

BM – Short for "Branch Mint," referring to U.S. Mint (except Philadelphia).

Bourse - A location where dealers buy and sell coins with each other and the public, such as at a coin show.

Brilliant Uncirculated - A high quality, mint condition coin that has never been distributed for public use.

Broadstrike/Broadstruck - A coin struck without a firmly seated collar, resulting in "spreading" outwards, but still showing all design details.

Brockage - A mirror image of the design from one side of a coin impressed on the opposite side -- occasionally, a newly struck coin "sticks" to a die, causing the next coin struck to have a First Strike Mirror Brockage of the coin stuck to the die; by the second strike the mirror is distorted, and later strikes are termed Struck Through A Capped Die.

Bronze - An alloy of copper, zinc, and tin.

BU - See "Brilliant Uncirculated."

Bullion - Uncoined precious metal in the form of bars, plates, ingots, etc.; also a reference used to designate the precious metal content of a coin.

Bureau of Engraving and Printing - An agency of the U.S. Treasury Department responsible for production of currency.

Business Strike - A coin struck for circulation.

Bust - The head, including at least a portion of the collar bone.

Canadian - Post confederation Canadian numismatics.

Cam – See "Cameo."

Cameo - A coin, usually struck as a proof, with a frosted or satiny central device surrounded by a mirrorlike field.

Carbon Spot – Brown or black spots usually found on copper and gold coins. The spotting is caused by oxidation and, if severe, prevents a coin from being graded.

Cartwheel - The pattern of light reflected by flow lines of mint state coins, resembling spokes of a wheel; name given to the British pennies and two pieces of 1797 due to their unusually broad rims.

Cast Counterfeit – Duplicating a coin using molds of both sides of a genuine coin and then making a cast using a base metal.

CCD – Certified Coin Dealer

CCDN – Certified Coin Dealer Newsletter

Certified Coin - A coin authenticated and graded by a professional service.

Cherrypick - To find and purchase a coin worth a premium over the seller's asking price (generally a rare die variety priced appropriately for a more common variety).

Ch - Shorthand for choice

Choice - An adjective used to describe an especially select specimen of a given grade. For example, Choice AU-55 represents an especially select About Uncirculated coin (typical About Uncirculated being AU-50).

Chop Mark - A symbol added to money by someone other than the government which issued it to indicate authenticity.

Circ - Shorthand for circulated.

Circulated - Denotes money that is no longer in mint state, generally as a result of normal handling and exchange.

Civil War Tokens - Private issue pieces usually made to the approximate size of the current U.S. cents which circulated during the Civil War; made because of a scarcity of small change.

Classic Era - Refers to silver and gold U.S. coins minted between 1792 and 1933 (gold) or 1964 (silver).

Clad - Composed of more than one layer, such as the copper-nickel over copper composition of U.S. dimes, quarters, and halves minted currently.

Clash mark(s) - Outlines and/or traces of designs from the opposite side of a coin resulting from die clash.

Cleaning - Any process that removes foreign substances, corrosion, or toning, e.g., application of solvents, dipping, and rubbing with abrasive materials or substances.

Cleaned Coin - While any coin subjected to a cleaning process could technically be considered cleaned, this term most commonly refers to those which have been abrasively cleaned (a coin which has been abrasively cleaned generally has a lower numismatic value than an otherwise comparable uncleaned specimen.).

Clip - A coin, planchet, or blank missing a portion of metal from its periphery, caused by an error during blank production; types of clips include curved (most common), ragged, straight, elliptical, bowtie, disk, and assay.

Clipping - Deliberate smearing or shaving from the edge of gold and silver coins; patterns and mottoes are included on edges to discourage the practice.

Clnd - Shorthand for cleaned.

Coin - A piece of metal with a distinctive stamp and of a fixed value and weight issued by a government and used as money (source: Webster's New World Dictionary).

Coin Set - A grouping of coins that share a common, dominating trait such as year of issue, place of issue, denomination, etc.

Coin Show - An event where numismatic items are bought, sold, traded, and often exhibited.

Collar - A device present in a coining press to restrict the outward flow of metal during striking and to put the design, if any, on the edge of the coin.

Collection - The numismatic holdings of an individual in total or of a particular type.

Colonial - A coin issued by any colony; frequently, refers to those produced by European colonies in the Americas in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Commemorative - A coin with a design commemorating a person, place, or event.

Condition Census - A list of the finest specimens of a particular value of coin.

Conjoined - See "Jugate."

Contact Marks - Small surface scratches resulting from movement of coins in the same bag or bin.

Copper Coin - A coin containing over 95% pure copper. Lower grade alloys are usually termed bronze or brass.

Corr - Shorthand for corroded.

Corrosion – See "Environmental Damage."

Counterfeit - An imitation of a coin or note made to circulate as if actually money.

Counterstamp - A design, group of letters, or other mark stamped on a coin for special identification or advertising purposes. Counterstamped coins are graded the way regular (uncounterstamped) coins are, but the nature and condition of the counterstamp must also be described.

Crown - A general term embracing most silver coins from about 20 to 30 grams in weight and from about 33 to 50 millimeters in size. The term now applies to nickel alloy coins of similar weight and size.

Cud - A raised lump of metal on a coin caused by a piece of a die having broken off.

Cupro-nickel (or copper-nickel) - Composed of an alloy of copper and nickel, as for example U.S. 5 cent coins (other than half dimes) and Canadian 5 cent coins produced since 1982.

Currency - Paper money.

Current - Coins and paper money still in circulation.

Damage - Physical change to a numismatic item, such as a scratch, nick, ding, cleaning, hole, or pitting.

Date - The year(s) shown on a coin, usually the same as the year it was minted.

Dcam – Shorthand for deep cameo.

DDO or D.D.O. - Doubled Die Obverse, an obverse die which exhibits doubled images in one or more places.

DDR or D.D.R. - Doubled Die Reverse, a reverse die which exhibits doubled images in one or more places.

Dealer - A person or company that regularly buys and sells numismatic collectibles.

Deep Mirror Prooflike (DMPL) - Having highly reflective fields, similar to a coin struck as a proof.

Delamination - Metal missing or retained but peeling from the surface due to incomplete bonding or impurities in the planchet.

Denarius - An ancient Roman silver coin weighing about 3 grams, roughly the same size as a U.S. dime but thicker.

Denomination - The face value of a coin.

Denticles - Tooth like raised features just inside the rim of some coins (also known as dentils).

Design - The devices, lettering, etc., appearing on a coin and their arrangement with respect to each other.

Designer - The creator of a coin design.

Device - The principal element, such as a portrait, shield or heraldic emblem, of the design on the obverse or reverse of a coin, token or medal.

Die - A usually cylindrical piece of steel bearing at one end the incuse design of one side of a coin (except for coins with incuse detail, where the die designs are in relief).

Die Chip - A small fragment broken off from a die; metal flowing into the resulting hole during striking results in a small raised lump on the surface of the coin.

Die Clash - Upper and lower dies coming together in a coin press without a planchet between them; design details may be partially impressed in the opposite dies and subsequently as mirror images on coins struck from the clashed dies.

Die Crack - A narrow fissure in the surface of a die; coins struck with such a die have a narrow raised fine corresponding to the crack.

Die Erosion - Wear on a die from use in the minting process.

Die Flow Lines - See "Flow Lines."

Die State - The condition of a die at a particular point in its life.

Die Polish - Small raised lines in the field of a coin resulting from polishing of a die to remove chips, clash marks, etc.

Dipping - Cleaning by immersion in a liquid capable of removing molecules from the surface, such as a solution containing thiourea.

Disme - The early spelling of the word "dime," one tenth of a dollar.

Dmg - Shorthand for damaged.

DMPL - See "Deep Mirror Proof Like."

Doctored – Usually a pejorative reference for a numismatic item that has been artificially (fraudulently) enhanced.

Double Denomination - A very rare error in which a normally struck coin is restruck by another denomination die pair.

Double Die - A dubious term sometimes intended to mean a doubled die coin and sometimes indicating machine doubling (Because there is often a substantial difference in value between the two, a savvy buyer will be sure to determine which case is true for any coin described as such.).

Doubled Die - A die with doubled device details, letters, and/or numerals resulting from any of several possible differences between the multiple hub impressions during its manufacture; a coin struck from such a die.

Double Eagle - A U.S. gold coin with a face value of $20, first minted in 1849 and last officially minted in 1932.

Drachma - An ancient Greek silver coin weighing about 3 grams, roughly the same size as a U.S. dime, but thicker.

Drift Mark - An elongated streak of discoloration on a coin that is caused by impurities in the die used in its striking.

Eagle - A. U.S. gold coin with a face value of $10, first minted in 1795 and last minted in 1933; also, the current $50 face value gold bullion coin.

Ed – See "Environmental Damage."

Edge - The area which borders a coin's surface. Also referred to as a coin's "third side." Edges of United States coins may be reeded, lettered, or plain.

EF - See "Extremely Fine."

Electrotype - A counterfeit coin made by the electroplating process.

Encapsulated – Describes a coin that an independent grading service has sealed with a plastic envelope.

Engraver - A person who cuts a design into a coinage die.

Environmental Damage – Corrosion, such as a pitted surface or toning that is caused by a coined exposed to the elements.

E Pluribus Unum - "Out of many, one"; the motto on many U.S. coins.

Error - A coin, token, medal, or paper money item evidencing a mistake made in its manufacture.

Exergue - The lower part of a coin or medal, usually divided from the field by a fine and often containing the date, mintmark, or engraver's initial(s).

Exonumia - Tokens, medals, and other non-monetary coin-like objects.

Exonumist - Collector whose interests encompass numismatic items outside those issued for official government monetary purposes.

Extremely Fine - An ANA grading standard for coins that are well above standard condition.

Eye appeal - Subjective term referring to a coin's overall attractiveness or appearance.

F - See "Fine."

Face Value - The ordinary monetary worth of a coin or note at the time of issue.

Fantasy Piece – Refers to coins that are whimsically struck by the officials of a Mint.

Fiat Money - Money that is not backed by inherent metal value and is legal tender by decree.

Field - The flat background on a coin, medal, or token.

Fine - ANA grading standard.

Fishscale - Canadian 5 cents silver; U.S. 3 cent silver coin.

Flan - British term for a planchet.

Flip - A soft plastic holder normally used for a single coin.

Flow Lines - Microscopic lines in the surface of a coin resulting from the outward flow of metal during striking.

Foreign - Any numismatic piece originating outside of the United States.

FR - ANA grading standard meaning Fair.

FR1 – PR - ANA grading standard meaning Fair level 1 to poor condition.

FR2 – FR - ANA grading standard meaning Fair level 2 to fair condition.

Fractional Coin - A coin, the face value of which is a fractional unit of the denominated currency, generally minted of silver.

Fractional Currency - Paper money with a face value less than one dollar.

Frost – Sandblasting or acid-treating a die so that, when coins are struck, their raised areas will have a crystallized-"frosty" appearance.

Fugio Cent - The first coin issued by authority of the United States, produced by contractors in 1787.

G - ANA grading standard meaning Good.

G04 – G - ANA grading standard meaning Good Level 4 to Good.

G06 - G+ - ANA grading standard meaning Good Level 6 to Good Plus.

Galvano - An epoxy coated plaster relief model of a coin, token, or medal created by electrodeposition (much larger than the dies later created from it).

Gem – Refers to mint, near mint and other coins in superb condition.

Grade/grading - One of several terms summarizing the overall condition of a coin or other numismatic item; the process of evaluation leading to assignment of a grade.

Grading standards, ANA - A set of abbreviations indicating the coin condition standards devised by the American Numismatic Association.

Greysheet - The Coin Dealer Newsletter, a price guide for U. S. coins intended for dealer-to-dealer sight seen transactions.

Hairlines - Light scratches in the surface of a coin.

Half cent - A U.S. coin with a face value of 1/200th of a dollar, first minted in 1793 and last minted in 1857.

Half Dime - A U.S. coin with a face value of 5 cents issued with dates between 1794 and 1873; originally called a half disme.

Half Eagle - A U.S. gold coin with a face value of $5, first minted in 1795 and last minted in 1929.

Hard Times Token - An unofficial large-cent size copper struck in a wide variety of types during 1833-1844, serving as de facto currency and bearing a politically inspired legend, or with advertising, as a store card.

Hobo Nickel - A coin (usually a U.S. Buffalo nickel) physically altered to produce a substantially different image or to which another image has been added.

Holed - Having a hole drilled through it, usually as a result of being used for jewelry.

Holder - Any device designed for storage and sometimes display of numismatic items.

Hub or Hob - A metal object with the intended coin design in relief on one end as it would appear on the finished coin. It is used to produce dies.

Impaired Proof - A proof coin with wear or damage resulting from circulation or other handling.

Incuse - The opposite of relief -- design elements are impressed into the surface.

Intrinsic - As applied to value, the net metallic value as distinguished from face value.

Investor – A person who buys numismatic items strictly for profit rather than for aesthetic purpose.

Iridescence – Refers to a coin that has a pastel-colored glow.

Jefferson nickel – Nickel still in use today. Designed by Felix Schlag and has been in continuous use since 1938.

Jugate - Overlapping portraits on a coin which face the same direction.

Key Coin - The most important coin in a particular series, it is also usually the most expensive as well as the lowest denomination in a set.

Key Date - The rarest (or one of the most rare) and therefore most expensive members of a coin series, e.g., the 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent or 1916-D Mercury dime.

Knife Edge - See "Wire Edge."

Krause - A numismatic publishing company (Krause Publications); this company's Standard Catalog of World Coins is a collector’s standard reference.

Lamination Flaw - See "Delamination."

Large Cent - A U.S. coin with a value of 1 cent, minted from 1793 to 1857, composed primarily of copper and larger in diameter than the current U.S. quarter.

Laureate - Refers to any figure on a coin which bears a crown of laurel leaves.

Legal Tender - Money that may be legally offered in payment of an obligation and that a creditor must accept (source: Webster's New World Dictionary).

Legend - Lettering on a coin other than the denomination or nation which issued it.

Lettered Edge - A patriotic legend or a denomination statement that appears on the edge of a coin. This design feature only appears on a few U.S. coins.

Lib – Short for Liberty Head

Lint Mark - A repeated, threadlike depression that appears on a coin’s surface.

Lot - A unique number and auction house assigns to item(s) to be sold in a particular sale.

Loonie - Popular name for the Canadian dollar coin.

Loupe - A type of magnifying glass used by numismatists and jewelers.

Lt - Shorthand for light.

Luster - The brilliance of a coin, resulting from reflection of light off die flow lines.

Machine Doubling - Doubling of details resulting from loose dies during striking (generally considered to have no numismatic value).

Mail Bid - An auction format in which bids are submitted by mail; the highest offer for each lot received by the closing date wins the lot (several other rules usually apply).

Matte Proof - A proof coin with a granular (rather than mirrorlike) surface produced by dies treated to obtain a minutely etched surface.

Medal - A coin-like object struck to honor one or more persons or events depicted or mentioned in its design; an object awarded to persons in recognition of service or other accomplishment.

Medieval Coin - A coin struck from about 500 to 1500 A.D.

Melt/melt Value - The worth of precious metal in a coin, determined by multiplying the amount of the metal it contains by the spot price of the metal.

Metal Stress Lines – See "Flow Lines."

Milled Coin - By contrast with a hammered coin, a piece produced by pressure indirectly rather than directly applied, and the edge of which has been rolled or upset.

Milled Edge - A raised rim around the outer surface of a coin. Not to be confused with the reeded or serrated narrow edge of the coin.

Minor Coin - A silver coin of less than crown weight or any coin struck in base metal.

Mint - A facility for manufacturing coins.

Mintage - The quantity of a denomination of coins produced at a mint during a period of time (usually one year).

Mint bloom - The original surface of a newly minted coin.

Mintmark - A small letter or symbol designating the mint which produced the item bearing it.

Mint Set - A specially packaged group of uncirculated coins from one or more mints of the same nation containing at least one coin for most or all of the denominations issued during a particular year.

Mint State - In the same condition as when delivered from the mint (natural toning excepted); uncirculated.

Misplaced Date - One or more digits of a date punched away from the designated location, such as in the denticles or in the central design.

Modern Coin - A coin struck after about 1500 A.D.

Money - A medium of exchange.

Mottled Toning – Uneven, drab and splotchy areas appearing on a coin.

Motto - A phrase imprinted on a coin; for most U.S. coins "E PLURIBUS UNUM."

MS - See "Mint State."

Mule - A coin struck from obverse and reverse dies not originally intended to be used together.

Multiple Strike - A coin struck more than once as a result of not being properly ejected from the coining press.

NCLT - An abbreviation designating official government issue; "Non-Circulating, Legal Tender" coins, generally struck of silver or gold in denominations not intended to circulate commercially.

Natural Toning - Coloration resulting from chemical change on the surface during normal exposure over a prolonged period.

Net Price - A term signifying that the seller is unwilling to sell for less than the price marked.

New – A mint condition coin that has never been in circulation.

Numismatics - The collection and study of coins, tokens, medals, paper money and other objects exchanged for goods and services or manufactured by similar methods.

Numismatist - A person who collects and/or studies numismatic items.

Obol - A small silver coin of ancient Greece, originally a day's wages for a rower on a galley or a citizen on jury duty.

Obv - Shorthand for obverse.

Obverse - The side of a numismatic item which bears the principal device. With a few exceptions, the obverse is the date side of regular-issue U.S. coinage (i.e., the "heads" side).

Off Center - Incorrectly centered during striking, resulting in part of the design missing (off the edge).

Original/original Toning - Natural surfaces resulting from long exposure to ordinary environmental conditions; uncleaned.

Overdate - A coin struck from a die with at least one digit of the date repunched over a different digit, e.g. ,1809/6 or 1942/1.

Over Dipped - A coin that has been dulled by excessive bathing in a dipping solution.

Overgraded - Designated with a higher grade than merited.

Over Mintmark - One mintmark on top of a different mintmark, such as a 'D' over an 'S' (denoted D/S).

Oxidation - The formulation of oxides or tarnish on the surface of a coin from exposure to air, dampness, industrial fumes, or other elements.

Paper Money - Paper notes with standardized characteristics issued as money .

Paranumismatica - British term for exonumia.

Patina - A green or brown surface film found on ancient copper and bronze coins caused by oxidation over a long period of time.

Pattern - A coin struck as a test piece for a new design, sometimes without a date.

PCGS - Short for "Professional Coin Grading Service".

Peripheral Toning – Any level of even coloration that appears around a coin’s edge.

Pick Up Point - An area where a feature, such as die doubling, is most evident.

Piece of Eight - A former Spanish coin with a face value of eight reales; the U.S. dollar was originally valued at and tied to eight reales.

Piedfort – Refers to French coins that were twice as thick as normal because their value was double that of their regular counterparts.

Pioneer Gold – Gold coins struck prior to 1861 by private individuals.

Pitted - Having a rough surface due to loss of metal by corrosion.

PF, PR or PRF - Shorthand for proof.

PL - See "Prooflike."

PQ – Premium quality

Plain Edge - A design characteristic of all U.S. small cents and nickels, half-cents, and large cents minted after 1795, two-cents and three-cents pieces, and the silver 20-cents coin.

Planchet - The disc of metal or other material on which the dies of a coin, token, or medal are impressed (struck).

Plugged - Denotes that a holed coin has been filled.

Porous - Having a granular surface as the result of oxidation, most frequently found with older copper coins.

PR - ANA grading standard meaning Poor.

Prestige Set - A set of coins produced by the U.S. Mint, containing one of more proof commemorative coins released in the same year -- as well as a proof cent, nickel, dime, quarter, and half dollar.

Problem Coin - Any coin that has been cleaned or damaged or has other undesirable characteristics.

Proof - A coin specially manufactured to have extra sharp detail, mirrorlike fields, and sometimes frosted or "cameo" devices, produced for sale to collectors at a premium or for presentation or exhibition.

Prooflike - Having mirrorlike fields, similar to a coin struck as a proof.

Proof Set - A specially packaged group of coins containing at least one of, most, or all of the denominations of proof coins struck by a nation in a particular year.

Quarter Eagle - A U.S. gold coin with a face value of $2.50, first minted in 1796 and last minted in 1929.

Questionable Toning – Refers to a coin with coloring that can’t be determined to be original.

Racketeer Nickel – Refers to nickels made in 1883 without lettering that identified their value being 5 cents. Crooks plated these nickels and passed them off as $5 gold pieces.

Radiate - Refers to a figure on a coin that has a pointed or spiked crown that radiates upward or outward.

Rarity - An infrequentIy encountered or available item; the number of surviving specimens of a particular issue, as may be indicated by a rarity scale index.

Rarity Scale - A convention for designating the rarity of a coin, such as Sheldon's system (with values such as R1 for common pieces and R6 for extremely rare specimens) and the Universal Rarity Scale invented by Alan Herbert (with designations such as URS3).

Raw – Coin collector slang for a numismatic item that a grading service has not graded and sealed in an envelope.

Real or Reale - A former basic monetary unit of Spain and the Spanish colonies in the Americas.

Recut Date – See "Repunched Date."

Red Book - The Handbook of U.S. Coins, a retail price guide for U. S. coins published annually, originally written by R. S. Yeoman.

Reeded Edge - An edge with raised parallel lines, a.k.a. milled or grained.

Relief - Features rising above the field .

Repunched Date - A date with one or more of the digits punched more than once in different locations and/or orientations.

Repunched Mintmark (RPM) - A mintmark punched more than once in different locations and/or orientations.

Restrike - A coin struck with authentic dies later than the date it bears.

Rev - Shorthand for reverse.

Reverse - The side of a numismatic item opposite to that on which the principal device is impressed.

Rim - The outer edge of a coin, often raised to avoid premature wear.

Roller Marks – Coins with, usually parallel, incuse lines.

Round - A disc shaped piece of precious metal bullion.

Sac - Short for Sacagawea Dollar.

Scr - Shorthand for scratch.

Scrip - Paper currency, usually of denominations less than one dollar, issued as substitutes for currency by private persons or organizations.

Sea Salvage Coin - A coin retrieved from the ocean, usually from a ship wreck which may have pitted surfaces caused by exposure to sand.

Series - Coins of the same major design and denomination, including every combination of date and mintmark minted, e.g., Morgan dollars.

Sheldon Scale - A numerical grading system ranging from 1 to 70, created by Dr. William H. Sheldon to denote proportional values of large cents minted from 1793 to 1814 and subsequently adapted as a general grading scale.

Shinplaster - Canadian fractional banknotes.

Shotgun Rolls - Rolls of coins that contain double the normal amount of coins in a roll. Their length makes them look like a shotgun barrel.

Shroff Mark - Indian term for chop mark.

Sight Seen - Available for examination to a potential buyer before a purchase decision is made.

Sight Unseen - Not available for examination to a potential buyer before a purchase decision is made, as is usually the case with mail order transactions.

Silver Certificate - A note (paper money) once redeemable for its face value in silver.

Silver Clad - A clad coin with one layer containing silver, such as U.S. halves struck from 1965 to 1970.

Silver Coin - A coin consisting of more than 50 percent silver content.

Silver Eagle - A coin produced by the U.S. mint beginning in 1986 containing one ounce of silver and having a nominal face value of $1 (not released for circulation).

Slab - A coin certified by a professional grading service as authentic and encapsulated in a sealed hard plastic holder also containing a label; the service's opinion of its grade and other information.

Slider - A coin with very slight traces of wear, such that it almost passes for a specimen that has never been circulated.

SP - Shorthand for specimen.

Specie - Precious metal used to back money, usually gold or silver.

SPL - Shorthand for Semi-prooflike.

Split Grade - Different grades for the obverse and reverse sides.

Spot - 1. Short for spot price; 2. A small area of corrosion or foreign substance.

Spot Price - The market price for immediate delivery of a commodity, such as a precious metal.

Spurious - A false piece made to deceive, often an original creation rather than a copy of a known item.

Spread - The difference between buy and sell prices on the same item(s) of a dealer, broker, etc. The extent of separation between the impressions on a doubled die.

Steel Cent – Refers to pennies made in 1943 and ’44 that were struck from steel and coated in zinc.

Steelie – See "Steel Cent."

Stella - A U.S. gold coin pattern with a face value of $4, minted in 1879 and 1880.

Store Card - A token bearing a business name and/or address, and often intended as a local or ad-hoc medium of exchange.

Striations - Incuse marks caused by rolling bars while creating planchets.

Strike - The process of impressing the design from a die into a planchet to make a coin, token or medal; the completeness of detail (as in weak strike, full strike, etc.) created during this process.

Strike Doubling - See "Machine Doubling."

Tab Toning – Refers to commemorative coins stored in round-tabbed cardboard holders which resulted in toned coins with a round center.

Target Toning - Term used for coins with rings of coloring that fade toward the centering, creating the effect of an archery target.

Tetradrachma - An ancient Greek silver coin weighing about 13 to 17 grams, roughly the same size as a U.S. quarter but three times thicker.

Thaler – German for dollar, referring to large European silver coins and which is the origin of our word, "dollar."

Thumbing - The rubbing of skin oil into a coin in an attempt to hide contact marks.

Token - A coin-like object redeemable for a particular product or service, such as transportation on a bus or subway; an unofficial coin issued by a business or town to be used as small change; e.g., in 17th-19th century Britain, and in France in the 20th century.

Token Coinage - Coinage the intrinsic value of which is less than its face value.

Toning - Color acquired from chemical change on the surface.

Trade Dollar - A U.S. coin with a face value of $1, minted from 1873 through 1885 specifically for commerce in the Orient; a U.S. coin with a face value of $1, minted from 1895 through 1935 specifically for commerce in the Orient.

Trime - A U.S. coin with a face value of 3 cents minted in predominantly silver alloys from 1851-1873.

Truncation - The sharply cut off bottom edge of a portrait.

Tube - A plastic container designed for storing a roll or other quantity of coins of the same sizes.

Type Coin - Any coin of a particular design and denomination, usually one of the more common dates.

Type Set - A collection of coins of various designs. Rather than try to complete the series, the goal of the type collector is to obtain at least one example of several different types.

Ultra High Relief – Alternative of "Extremely High Relief".

Ultra Rarity – Any coin or related item in which only a few exist.

UNC - See "Uncirculated."

Uncirculated - Never circulated; without any wear.

Uniface - Showing a design on one side only.

Universal Rarity Scale - A scale that measure’s degree of rarity. A 10 point, ascending scale (higher number corresponds to increased rarity) that goes from UR1 – readily available to UR10 unique (literally one of a kind).

URS - Short for Universal Rarity Scale.

Used - Describes coins of various level of wear/tear and circulation.

VAM - Any variety of U.S. silver dollar described in the book Morgan and Peace Dollars by Van Allen and Mallis.

Variety - Any coin struck from a die pair that differs from others with the same date and mintmark, such as exhibiting die doubling, different style letters or numerals, or a repunched mintmark.

Vectures - Transportation tokens.

VF - Short hand for Very Fine, an ANA grading classification.

VG - ANA grading standard meaning Very Good.

VG08 – VG - ANA grading standard, very good level 8 to very good.

VG10 - VG+ - ANA grading standard, very good level 10 to very good plus.

Vis-à-vis - Coins with heads or busts of two individuals facing each other.

Want List - A tabulation of collectibles sought by a collector, often including limits on condition and/or price.

War Nickel - See "Wartime Nickel."

Wartime Nickel - Five-cent coins minted during World War II with a special metal content so that the metal nickel could be diverted for wartime use.

Water Mark - A design put into paper at the manufacturing stage by pressing it while wet between rollers bearing the design.

Wear - Metal lost during handling and contact with other objects.

Whizzing - Alteration by mechanical polishing to include a shiny surface.

Wire Edge – Any coin with a thin, sharp rim that is caused when metal flows between a die and a collar during striking.

World Coins - Coins issued by various nations, as in a collection comprised of such coins.

XF - ANA grading standard meaning extremely fine.

Year Set - A privately (as opposed to government) packaged coin set consisting of a specimen of each coin from each Mint issued for circulation in a particular year.